Advances in understanding pathogen contamination of eggs

Eggs are considered healthy because they are a source of proteins, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, they may also be subject to microbial contamination. Eggs possess numerous antimicrobial self-defence mechanisms, which include mechanical defences such as the cuticle, shell and shell membranes as well as the antimicrobial properties of egg albumen including lysozyme, avidin and ovotransferrin. Additionally, the pH of the albumen and the viscosity play a role. These protective mechanisms both support the reproduction of chicks and also prevent microbial contamination. However, contamination of eggs can occur at every stage of the production chain, including contamination by foodborne pathogens. This chapter reviews egg defences, pathogens risks and management.