Changing priorities and practices in the management of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants

This chapter reviews the challenge posed by gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in sheep. It sets out the growing problem of anthelmintic resistance (AR) to anthelmintic (AH) drugs conventionally used for GIN control. After reviewing the use of targeted treatments to slow the development of anthelmintic resistance, the chapter goes on to discuss alternative approaches such as the use of refugia. It also addresses other complementary interventions: selective breeding and grazing management, nutritional supplementation and bioactive plants, vaccination and biological control. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for more holistic and integrated practices to offset the issue of AR and effectively control GIN infection.