Antes de Memmo, mis apuntes estaban dispersos en PDFs. Ahora, un espacio de trabajo lo reúne todo y veo exactamente lo que me queda por estudiar.
Taliban's return to power in August of 2021 caused everyone to ask why the two decades of institution building in Afghanistan failed. This book investigates the root causes of failed reforms in an important area of reform: trade and credit institutions. It explains why the efforts to reform and regulate the economic institutions in Afghanistan failed and what we can learn from their failure. It draws on more than eighty interviews with Afghan merchants, business leaders, money dealers, and government officials in five major provinces of Afghanistan to identify the barriers to access to credit and to understand the performance of formal institutions (banks) and their informal counterparts. This book finds that Afghan merchants were often unable to benefit from the offerings of formal institutions for three reasons: a highly volatile business climate, uncertain contract enforcement, and an unsupportive property rights system. Several informal institutions have emerged that alleviate some of the credit constraints on Afghan merchants. These informal institutions include risk-sharing trade credit operations, money dealers’ short-term working capital loans, Gerawee, and Sar qufli. Although these informal institutions have helped Afghan merchants survive, they are unable to support economic growth. This book argues that countries like Afghanistan should solve their institutional dilemma by adopting an approach which the author calls "Grounded Institutional Reform." Using this approach, a country would formalize existing informal institutions, a development that would vastly increase their effectiveness. While this book focuses on credit and trade in Afghanistan, the analysis of "formalizing the informal" can easily be extended to solve other types of economic problems in similarly situated countries. This book should be of great interest to scholars, policymakers, and development workers in the field of law, finance, and development.
Antes de Memmo, mis apuntes estaban dispersos en PDFs. Ahora, un espacio de trabajo lo reúne todo y veo exactamente lo que me queda por estudiar.
Los resúmenes de Memmo son oro antes de los exámenes. No tengo que releer 800 páginas dos semanas antes, solo las partes importantes.
El chat de IA me ha salvado la noche antes de un examen más de una vez. Sigo preguntando hasta que lo entiendo, sin esperar a que un grupo de estudio responda.
Los cuestionarios aciertan exactamente lo que necesito saber. Memmo registra dónde me atasco, así que solo practico lo que vale la pena.
Las flashcards con repetición espaciada son magia. Memmo sabe cuándo estoy a punto de olvidar algo y me lo recuerda.
Los pódcasts de IA son mis favoritos. Los escucho de camino a la universidad y obtengo un resumen sin tener que sentarme frente a un ordenador.
Handbok i kvalitativa metoder
281 kr
Hållbar utveckling: en introduktion för ingenjörer och andra problemlösare
334 kr
Brymans Samhällsvetenskapliga metoder
390 kr
Projektledning
491 kr
Den orättvisa hälsan: om socioekonomiska skillnader i hälsa och livslängd
326 kr
Organizational Leadership
429 kr
Vetenskapsteori för nybörjare
196 kr
På väg mot läraryrket
172 kr
Det sociala livet i skolan: Socialpsykologiska perspektiv
253 kr
Betygsättningens didaktik
151 kr
Personality
402 kr
Studying Leadership
404 kr
Managing Innovation
477 kr
Introduktion till samhällsvetenskaplig metod
347 kr
The Psychology of Sex and Gender
698 kr
Introduction to Leadership
605 kr
Evidens och kunskap för socialt arbete
207 kr