Advances in understanding and optimizing gastrointestinal microbiome and function in sheep

This chapter describes advances in understanding and optimizing gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome in sheep. The chapter focuses on the assembly and development of the rumen microbiome and modulation at early ages. The rumen microbiome of sheep is shaped in early life by deterministic factors (including host genetics and diet) and stochastic factors (including colonization timing). Certain interventions, including dietary strategies, transplants and probiotics can influence microbial composition. The chapter then focuses on rumen microbiome and productivity. The rumen microbiome is crucial in shaping sheep productivity, as it has a strong influence on meat and milk quality, growth, feed efficiency, resistant to diseases and methane emissions. Current research shows strong correlations between microbiomes and productivity traits. Future trends on optimizing the GI microbiome are also given.